Do owls migrate?

The default answer is no. Most owls do not migrate. A Barred Owl banded in eastern Pennsylvania has the highest site fidelity of almost any North American bird: roughly 80 per cent of recovered banded birds are found within 10 km of their original banding site, often the same patch of woodland for life. Great Horned Owls reuse the same Red-tailed Hawk nest for decades.

Then there are the exceptions, and the exceptions are the more interesting part of the story.

The migratory owls

Species	Pattern	Notes
Snowy Owl	Irruptive	Moves south unpredictably, sometimes by thousands of kilometres, in response to lemming cycles
Short-eared Owl	Partial migrant	Northern populations move south in winter
Long-eared Owl	Partial migrant	Some populations shift, others don’t, within the same range
Flammulated Owl	True migrant	Insectivorous mountain owl that overwinters in Central America
Northern Saw-whet Owl	Partial migrant	Migrates further than anyone realised until banding stations started catching them in numbers in the 1990s
Burrowing Owl	Partial migrant	Northern populations move south, southern ones stay
Eastern Screech-Owl	Resident	Almost never moves more than 5 km

The Saw-whet line is the most interesting. Until the 1990s, ornithologists thought the species was a forest resident with minor local movement. A volunteer banding station in northeastern Pennsylvania began running mist nets on autumn nights and caught hundreds of southward-moving Saw-whets per year. Project Owlnet, the network that grew out of that work, now operates across the eastern US and has documented Saw-whet migration as one of the most under-appreciated phenomena in North American ornithology. The bird had been moving the whole time. Nobody had been looking at night.

The Snowy Owl irruption

The single most spectacular owl movement in North America is the Snowy Owl irruption.

Snowy Owls breed on the high Arctic tundra. Their primary food is lemmings, which run on a roughly four-year boom-and-bust population cycle. In years when lemming numbers collapse in their tundra breeding grounds, hundreds or thousands of Snowy Owls move south, sometimes as far as Texas, Oklahoma, Florida and southern California. The 2013-2014 irruption was one of the largest on record: Snowy Owls turned up on airport runways from Boston to Bermuda. The 2017-2018 irruption was nearly as large.

What is striking is what nobody can predict. Irruption size correlates with lemming bust years but not perfectly. Some bust years produce small movements, some produce massive ones, and the bird’s choice of southern destination is variable. The Snowy Owl knows things about the geography of the eastern United States that no scientific paper has been able to formalise.

When an irruption is happening, eBird becomes the easiest tracking tool. The bird favours wide-open landscapes that resemble tundra: agricultural flats, beach dunes, airports.

Why most owls do not move

The arithmetic of staying put is good. Three factors stack the deck.

1. Year-round prey. Rodents are available in all seasons in most temperate landscapes. Mice and voles do not migrate.
2. The territory investment is enormous. A Barred Owl has spent years learning the topography of a specific patch of forest - where the prey concentrations are, where the safe roosts are, where the rival pair’s edge is. Migrating means abandoning all of that.
3. Mate fidelity. Many large owls pair for life. Leaving the territory means leaving the mate and the established nest site. A Great Horned Owl pair will return to the same broken-off snag for 15 years.

The owls that do migrate are mostly insectivores or specialists on prey that itself moves. Flammulated Owls eat moths that disappear in October. Short-eared Owls hunt voles in habitats that flood or freeze. Snowy Owls eat lemmings whose populations crash unpredictably. The pattern is: if your food vanishes, you move. If it does not, you do not.

How the resident owl gets through winter

This is the under-appreciated half. A non-migratory owl in a Minnesota January is doing real work to survive.

• Insulation. Owl feathers are denser per gram of bird than almost any other group. Many species have feathered legs and feet that go all the way to the toes.
• No frostbite. Counter-current blood flow in the legs keeps blood from cooling enough to crystallise. The bird can stand on metal in -30 C without losing tissue.
• Hunting through snow. A Great Grey Owl has been documented striking a vole through 45 cm of snowpack, located by sound alone. The asymmetrical placement of an owl’s ear openings - one slightly higher than the other - allows millisecond-level acoustic triangulation in three dimensions.
• Fat caching. Many owls feed heavily in autumn and convert it into body reserves.
• Roost shelter. Dense conifers, tree cavities or barn lofts during storms. The bird does not need to fly during a blizzard.

The owl in a northern winter is not enduring. He is operating within design parameters.